High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes in the EXAMINE (Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes with Alogliptin versus Standard of Care) trial.
Hwang YC, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Liu Y, Bergenstal R, Heller S, Mehta C, Cushman W, Bakris GL, Zannad F, White WB. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Oct 24. doi: 10.1111/dom.13136. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 29064626

Serial Measurement of High-Sensitivity Troponin I and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the EXAMINE Trial (Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes With Alogliptin Versus Standard of Care).
Cavender MA, White WB, Jarolim P, Bakris GL, Cushman WC, Kupfer S, Gao Q, Mehta CR, Zannad F, Cannon CP, Morrow DA. Circulation. 2017 May 16;135(20):1911-1921. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024632. Epub 2017 Feb 28. PMID: 28246236

Baseline adiponectin concentration and clinical outcomes among patients with diabetes and recent acute coronary syndrome in the EXAMINE trial.
Bergmark BA, Cannon CP, White WB, Jarolim P, Liu Y, Bonaca MP, Zannad F, Morrow DA. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Jul;19(7):962-969. doi: 10.1111/dom.12905. Epub 2017 Mar 17. PMID: 28195387

Alogliptin after Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

William B. White, M.D., Christopher P. Cannon, M.D., Simon R. Heller, M.D., Steven E. Nissen, M.D., Richard M. Bergenstal, M.D., George L. Bakris, M.D., Alfonso T. Perez, M.D., Penny R. Fleck, M.B.A., Cyrus R. Mehta, Ph.D., Stuart Kupfer, M.D., Craig Wilson, Ph.D., William C. Cushman, M.D., and Faiez Zannad, M.D., Ph.D., for the EXAMINE Investigators

Abstract

Background

To assess potentially elevated cardiovascular risk related to new antihyperglycemic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes, regulatory agencies require a comprehensive evaluation of the cardiovascular safety profile of new antidiabetic therapies. We assessed cardiovascular outcomes with alogliptin, a new inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), as compared with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes who had had a recent acute coronary syndrome.

Methods

We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and either an acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina requiring hospitalization within the previous 15 to 90 days to receive alogliptin or placebo in addition to existing antihyperglycemic and cardiovascular drug therapy. The study design was a double-blind, noninferiority trial with a prespecified noninferiority margin of 1.3 for the hazard ratio for the primary end point of a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke.

Results

A total of 5380 patients underwent randomization and were followed for up to 40 months (median, 18 months). A primary end-point event occurred in 305 patients assigned to alogliptin (11.3%) and in 316 patients assigned to placebo (11.8%) (hazard ratio, 0.96; upper boundary of the one-sided repeated confidence interval, 1.16; P<0.001 for noninferiority). Glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly lower with alogliptin than with placebo (mean difference, −0.36 percentage points; P<0.001). Incidences of hypoglycemia, cancer, pancreatitis, and initiation of dialysis were similar with alogliptin and placebo.

Conclusions

Among patients with type 2 diabetes who had had a recent acute coronary syndrome, the rates of major adverse cardiovascular events were not increased with the DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin as compared with placebo. (Funded by Takeda Development Center Americas; EXAMINE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00968708.)

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Cardiovascular Safety of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Alogliptin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

W. B. White, R. Pratley, P. Fleck, M. Munsaka, M. Hisada, C. Wilson3 & V. Menon

Aim

As there have been concerns that some classes or agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes may increase CV risk, we evaluated the cardiovascular profile of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin.

Method

We evaluated the incidence of CV events in patients treated with alogliptin, placebo or comparator antihyperglycaemic drugs in the clinical trial database for alogliptin using the composite major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) endpoints of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke.

Results

The pooled analysis included 4168 patients exposed to alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg daily for 2,023 patient-years compared to 691 patients treated with placebo for 263 patient-years and 1,169 patients treated with other antidiabetic agents (metformin, sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones) for 703 patient-years. CV events were adjudicated by an expert endpoint committee blinded to treatment allocation. The incidence rates of the combined MACE were not significantly different between patients treated with alogliptin and comparator therapies (hazard ratio=0.635, 95% confidence interval, 0.0, 1.41). Additionally, other types of serious CV events were not significantly different between patients treated with alogliptin and comparator therapies.

Conclusion

These analyses have not shown a signal of increased CV risk with alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Future results from the adequately powered EXAMINE trial will definitively assess the CV safety profile of alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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EXamination of CArdiovascular OutcoMes with AlogliptIN versus Standard of CarE in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Coronary Syndrome (EXAMINE): A Cardiovascular Safety Study of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Alogliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes with Acute Coronary Syndrome

William B. White, M.D., George L. Bakris, M.D., Richard M. Bergenstal, M.D., Christopher P. Cannon, M.D., William C. Cushman, M.D., Penny Fleck, B.S.,  Simon Heller, M.D., Cyrus Mehta, Ph.D., Steven E. Nissen, M.D., Alfonso Perez, M.D., Craig Wilson,  Ph.D., and Faiez Zannad, M.D.,  Ph.D.; Farmington, CT; Chicago, and Deerfiield, IL; Minneapolis, MN; Boston, MA; Memphis, TN; Sheffield, United Kingdom; Cleveland, OH; and Nancy, France

Comprehensive safety evaluation of new drugs for diabetes mellitus is needed in the area of cardiovascular (CV) outcomes, particularly in populations with high CV risk. Alogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, is under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus alone or in combination with other antidiabetic therapies. Long-term CV safety of alogliptin is being established in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using an analytical approach that has both an interim and final assessment. The primary CV end point for this trial is a composite of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. Approximately 5,400 men and women with type 2 diabetes and ACS (acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina) are being recruited and will be followed up for up to 4.5 years postrandomization. The statistical plan for the trial uses a design that evaluates the hazard ratio (HR) of alogliptin to placebo first based on the primary CV composite end point after accrual of 80 to 150 primary CV events and again when there are 550 to 650 primary CV events. In the first series of analyses, the upper bound of a group-sequential 1-sided repeated CI for the HR must be ≤1.8 for registration in the United States. At end of study, the upper bound of a subsequent group-sequential 1-sided repeated CI for the HR must be ≤1.3. For both group sequential analyses, the repeated CIs are calculated to insure simultaneous coverage probabilities of 97.5% for the true HR. Study progress: More than 2,000 ACS patients were randomized as of June 2011. EXAMINE will define the CV safety profile of this dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor in patients at high risk for CV events. (Am Heart J 2011;162:620-626.e1.)

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